miércoles, 19 de marzo de 2008

Alfonso X el Sabio (España, 1221-1284)


BIOGRAFIA Y DATOS CURIOSOS
Rey de Castilla y de León (1252-1284), una de las figuras políticas y culturales más significativas de la edad media en la península Ibérica y en el resto del continente europeo. Hijo del monarca Fernando III -en el cual confluyeron definitivamente los dos tronos que habrían de constituir la Corona de Castilla- y de la primera esposa de éste, Beatriz de Suabia -hija del emperador Felipe de Suabia-; nació el 23 de noviembre de 1221, en Toledo. Contrajo matrimonio, en 1249, con Violante de Aragón, hija del rey aragonés Jaime I el Conquistador. A la muerte de su padre, reanudó la ofensiva contra los musulmanes (dentro del proceso general de la Reconquista), ocupando las fortalezas de Jerez (1253) y Cádiz (c. 1262).
En 1264, tuvo que hacer frente a una importante revuelta de los mudéjares asentados en el valle del Guadalquivir. La tarea más ambiciosa del Rey fue su aspiración al Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, proyecto al que dedicó más de la mitad de su reinado. La última familia que había ostentado la titularidad del Imperio eran los Hohenstaufen, de la que descendía por línea materna Alfonso X. Junto al Rey Sabio apareció otro candidato al Sacro Imperio, el inglés Ricardo de Cornualles. En 1257, los siete grandes electores imperiales no unificaron su decisión y durante varios años el Imperio estuvo vacante, ya que ninguno de los dos candidatos consiguió imponerse. Finalmente, en septiembre de 1273, Rodolfo I de Habsburgo fue elegido emperador y, en mayo de 1275, Alfonso X renunció definitivamente al Imperio ante el papa Gregorio X. Los últimos años de su reinado fueron especialmente sombríos. Desde 1272, un sector de la alta nobleza se enfrentó al monarca. Además, la muerte en 1275 del infante Fernando, primogénito de Alfonso X, abrió un disputado pleito de sucesión. Los hijos de aquél, los llamados infantes de la Cerda, Alfonso y Fernando, pugnaron por la sucesión regia con el infante Sancho, segundo de los hijos de Alfonso X. Finalmente, fue este último infante el que consiguió imponerse en el trono, al que accedió en 1284 -tras el fallecimiento de su padre-como Sancho IV. aje a las Molucas, Elcano murió el 4 de agosto de 1526 durante la travesía del Pacífico.
En el terreno económico, Alfonso X facilitó el comercio interior en su reino con la concesión de ferias a numerosas villas y ciudades. El Rey estableció un sistema fiscal y aduanero avanzado que potenció los ingresos de la Hacienda regia. Su más conocida disposición en asuntos económicos fue el reconocimiento jurídico del Honrado Concejo de la Mesta, institución aglutinadora de los intereses de la ganadería trashumante del reino. Una de las facetas más importantes del reinado de Alfonso X fue su labor legisladora, indisolublemente ligada a la introducción en Castilla y León del Derecho romano. Bajo su impulso, se organizó un formidable corpus de textos jurídicos, tanto doctrinales como normativos. Sus obras más significativas en este terreno fueron el Fuero Real, el Espéculo y el Código de las Siete Partidas. Las grandes realizaciones del monarca en el campo de la cultura le merecieron con justicia el apelativo de Sabio . La nota más singular de su empresa cultural fue su vinculación simultánea a Oriente y Occidente. Con él se desarrolló en la Corona de Castilla una cultura de síntesis, en la que entraban ingredientes tanto cristianos como musulmanes y judíos. La fecundidad de la colaboración entre intelectuales de las tres culturas tiene su máxima expresión en la Escuela de traductores de Toledo.

Dentro de esta magnífica empresa cultural brilló con luz propia la astronomía, cuya obra más significativa fueron las Tablas astronómicas alfonsíes, elaboradas en 1272. La actividad historiográfica de Alfonso X y de sus colaboradores se concretó en obras como la Estoria de España y la Grande e general estoria, redactadas en lengua romance como prueba del importante apoyo del monarca al idioma castellano. En el campo de la poesía, Alfonso X nos ha transmitido un espléndido repertorio de Cantigas, siendo las más conocidas las de carácter religioso o de Santa María. El monarca castellano-leonés potenció notablemente los estudios musicales, y, en el terreno propiamente recreativo, destaca la obra que salió de los talleres alfonsinos con el nombre de Libros de axedrez, dados e tablas. Por lo que se refiere a la arquitectura, la obra más importante llevada a cabo durante su reinado fue la catedral de León, finalizada años después del fallecimiento de Alfonso X, el cual tuvo lugar, el 4 de abril de 1284, en Sevilla.

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